Aposentadoria por Tempo de Contribuição
Com a promulgação da Reforma da Previdência, de maneira geral a regra será Aposentadoria por Idade. Será exigida a idade mínima de 65 anos para homens e 62 anos para mulheres para se aposentar, embora existam exceções.
Veja como fica:
A mais comum entre as modalidades de aposentadoria vai acabar. Com a exigência da idade mínima, cumprir o tempo de contribuição não será mais suficiente para se aposentar.
Hoje, desde que cumprido o período contributivo de carência (15 anos), o homem que completar 35 anos e a mulher que completar 30 anos de contribuições podem se aposentar sem requisito da idade (se completado este requisito até 12/11/2019).
Ainda que a incidência do fator previdenciário reduza o valor do benefício (quanto mais jovem, menor será o valor), o direito à aposentadoria em qualquer tempo é legítimo.
Após a Reforma, para se aposentar será preciso se encaixar em uma das regras de transição ou então completar a idade mínima de 62 anos de idade para mulheres e 65 anos de idade para homens. O período de carência se mantém em 15 anos para quem já contribui ao INSS.
Aos que ingressarem no sistema depois da Reforma, a carência será de 20 anos para homens e permanecerá em 15 anos para mulheres.
Cumprido esses requisitos, o tempo total de contribuição pouco importará ao INSS, embora seja de extrema importância ao segurado, já que o valor do benefício será proporcional a esse requisito..
ANTES DA REFORMA
Este benefício é devido ao segurado que contribuiu ao INSS por, no mínimo, 30 anos (mulheres) ou 35 anos (homens). Para quem já completou o requisito até 12/11/2019, não existe idade mínima para a sua concessão.
Existem opiniões distintas sobre esse assunto, uma vez que não há vantagem financeira em esperar para se aposentar mais tarde. Considerando a sobrevida do segurado existe a possibilidade de se alcançar a Aposentadoria Especial ou mesmo optar pela Aposentadoria por Pontos, podendo obter situação mais favorável.
No entanto, não há como se determinar qual o melhor caminho a seguir sem uma análise minuciosa e especializada sobre cada caso, especialmente quando falamos de aposentadoria por tempo de contribuição.
Conhecer os seus direitos e contar com profissionais especializados em Previdência são pontos que podem fazer toda diferença.
APOSENTADORIA POR TEMPO DE CONTRIBUIÇÃO – ENTENDA AS POSSIBILIDADES:
- Regra com 30/35 anos de contribuição (para quem adquiriu direito até 12/11/2019):
- Não há idade mínima
- Tempo total de contribuição
- 35 anos de contribuição (homem)
- 30 anos de contribuição (mulher)
- 180 meses efetivamente trabalhados, para efeito de carência
- Regra 85/95 progressiva:
- Não há idade mínima
- A soma da idade com o tempo de contribuição devem resultar em:
- 85 (mulher)
- 95 (homem)
- 180 meses efetivamente trabalhados, para efeito de carência
- Regra para Aposentadoria Proporcional (extinta pela Reforma também. Portanto, válida para quem preencheu os requisitos abaixo até 12/11/2019):
- Idade mínima de 48 anos (mulher) e 53 anos (homem)
- Tempo total de contribuição
- 25 anos de contribuição + adicional (mulher)
- 30 anos de contribuição + adicional (homem)
- 180 meses efetivamente trabalhados, para efeito de carência
APOSENTADORIA POR TEMPO DE CONTRIBUIÇÃO E O FATOR PREVIDENCIÁRIO
Trata-se do percentual incidente na renda mensal inicial da Aposentadoria por Tempo de Contribuição.
Depois de definido o benefício, o valor é multiplicado pelo Fator Previdenciário e o resultado será totalmente influenciado pelo tempo de serviço desempenhado.
Basicamente, quanto mais cedo é solicitada a aposentadoria, menor será o benefício adquirido.
Como não há idade mínima para esta categoria – sendo necessário apenas os 35 anos de contribuição, para homens, e 30 anos de contribuição, para mulheres – o índice acaba desmotivando o segurado a se aposentar. Quanto mais tempo de trabalho, maior será o benefício.
Os professores e segurados que optarem pela Aposentadoria por Pontos estão livres da aplicação do Fator Previdenciário.
Dependendo da idade e do tempo de contribuição do segurado, o Fator Previdenciário pode se tornar positivo, aumentando o valor do benefício.
Nesse caso, aposentar-se pelo Fator se torna mais vantajoso do que pela Aposentadoria por Pontos, já que esta limita-se à média salarial do segurado.
APOSENTADORIA POR PONTOS
Uma alternativa para escapar da influência do Fator Previdenciário é aguardar o preenchimento dos requisitos para obter a Aposentadoria por Pontos.
De acordo com a progressão, para o ano de 2019 e 2020 é necessário que a somada da Idade com o Tempo de Contribuição seja de 86 pontos para mulheres, e 96 pontos para homens.
Além disso, é preciso que mulheres tenham ao menos 30 anos de contribuição, e homens, 35.
Nesse caso, o benefício consistirá na média salarial calculada a partir de 80% dos maiores salários de contribuições desde julho de 1994.
Mais informações sobre a Aposentadoria por Pontos
APOSENTADORIA POR TEMPO DE CONTRIBUIÇÃO: COMO É CALCULADA DEPOIS DA REFORMA?
O segurado vai receber 60% da média de todo período contributivo (não há mais o descarte dos 20% menores salários) + 2% para cada ano de contribuição acima de 20 anos de contribuição para os homens e acima de 15 anos de contribuição para as mulheres, até o limite de 100%.
UTILIZAR TEMPO DE TRABALHO NA ÁREA RURAL OU COMO PESCADOR
É possível somar-se, ao tempo de contribuição considerado pelo órgão público, períodos de labor com os pais e familiares, desde os 12 anos de idade até o casamento ou até o primeiro emprego com carteira assinada.
UTILIZAR TEMPO DE TRABALHO COM ATIVIDADES ESPECIAIS
A realização de conversão do período insalubre em tempo comum, é autorizada para que possa realizar a soma dos períodos. Portanto, para período anterior a 95 (em alguns casos a 97), basta se provar a atividade. Já que a classificação da atividade especial se dava por mero enquadramento em categoria profissional.
Ou seja, o período considerado como trabalhado em atividade especial é convertido em tempo comum para se somar ao tempo total restante.
Para tanto, é aplicado o fator de conversão, que aumenta de modo fictício o tempo considerado no cálculo, sendo 1,2 para as mulheres e 1,4 para homens. Em outras palavras, cada ano trabalhado equivale a 1,2 ou 1,4 anos.
O QUE É DESAPOSENTAÇÃO?
Desaposentação é o processo em que o segurado aposentado por tempo de contribuição abdica do benefício, com vistas à obtenção de outro mais vantajoso.
O segurado aposentado que continuou trabalhando e contribuindo para a Previdência solicita uma revisão previdenciária, buscando incluir as contribuições posteriores no cálculo do benefício, de modo a ampliar o valor recebido ou trocar por outro mais vantajoso.
Mas muitos segurados que recorreram à justiça para obter a desaposentação tiveram sucesso no primeiro momento, porém, hoje estão sendo cobrados pelo INSS a devolver os valores recebidos.
Em fevereiro de 2020, o STF entendeu pela impossibilidade do instituto da desaposentação. A tese fixada foi: “No âmbito do regime geral de previdência social, somente lei pode criar benefícios e vantagens previdenciários, não havendo, por ora, previsão legal do direito a desaposentação ou reaposentação”.
Atenção!
O INSS tem a obrigação legal de orientar os segurados e conceder o melhor benefício possível para cada caso. Todavia, a prática nos revela que isso nem sempre acontece.
A Advocacia Aline Angel Cordeiro possui profissionais especializados que podem lhe auxiliar a concluir qual a melhor solução para o seu caso.
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